Hydrographic survey deals with the mapping of

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NOAA's Office of Coast Survey conducts hydrographic surveys to measure the depth and bottom configuration of water bodies. That data is used to update nautical charts and develop hydrographic models. This information is vital to navigating the ocean and our nation's waterways. Hydrography is the science that measures and describes the physical features of bodies of water and the land areas adjacent to those bodies of water.

1: Hydrographic surveying | FAMOS

Surveying with multibeam echo sounders is the primary method of obtaining hydrographic data. By mapping out water depth, the shape of the seafloor and coastline, the location of possible obstructions and physical features of water bodies, hydrography helps to keep our maritime transportation system moving safely and efficiently.

Multibeam echo sounder beams sweep the seafloor as the ship passes over the survey area. The term hydrography is sometimes used synonymous to describe maritime cartography, which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user.

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Hydrography is collected under rules which vary depending on the acceptance authority. Traditionally conducted by ships with a sounding line or echo sounding, surveys are increasingly conducted with the aid of aircraft and sophisticated electronic sensor systems in shallow waters. This discussion on Hydrographic surveys deal with the mapping ofa large water bodiesb heavenly bodiesc mountaineous regiond canal systemCorrect answer is option 'A'. The Questions and Answers of Hydrographic surveys deal with the mapping ofa large water bodiesb heavenly bodiesc mountaineous regiond canal systemCorrect answer is option 'A'.

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Ask a question. Share with a friend. Share via Facebook. The term hydrography is used synonymously to describe maritime cartography , which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user. Hydrography is collected under rules which vary depending on the acceptance authority. Traditionally conducted by ships with a sounding line or echo sounding , surveys are increasingly conducted with the aid of aircraft and sophisticated electronic sensor systems in shallow waters. The product of such hydrography is most often seen on nautical charts published by the national agencies and required by the International Maritime Organization IMO , [4] the Safety of Life at Sea SOLAS [5] and national regulations to be carried on vessels for safety purposes.

Increasingly those charts are provided and used in electronic form unders IHO standards. Governmental entities below the national level conduct or contract for hydrographic surveys for waters within their jurisdictions with both internal and contract assets. Such surveys commonly are conducted by national organizations or under their supervision or the standards they have approved, particularly when the use is for the purposes of chart making and distribution or the dredging of state-controlled waters.

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In the United States, there is coordination with the National Hydrography Dataset in survey collection and publication. Commercial entities also conduct large-scale hydrographic and geophysical surveying, particularly in the dredging, marine construction, oil exploration , and drilling industries.

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Industrial entities installing submarine communications cables [8] or power [9] require detailed surveys of cable routes prior to installation and increasingly use acoustic imagery equipment previously found only in military applications when conducting their surveys. Companies, universities, and investment groups will often fund hydrographic surveys of public waterways prior to developing areas adjacent those waterways.

Survey firms are also contracted to survey in support of design and engineering firms that are under contract for large public projects. Companies with large private slips, docks, or other waterfront installations have their facilities and the open water near their facilities surveyed regularly, as do islands in areas subject to variable erosion such as in the Maldives. Here, volunteer vessels record position, depth, and time data using their standard navigation instruments, and then the data is post-processed to account for speed of sound, tidal, and other corrections.

With this approach there is no need for a specific survey vessel, or for professionally qualified surveyors to be on board, as the expertise is in the data processing that occurs once the data is uploaded to the server after the voyage. Apart from obvious cost savings, this also gives a continuous survey of an area, but the drawbacks are time in recruiting observers and getting a high enough density and quality of data.

Hydrographic survey

Although sometimes accurate to 0. Nevertheless, the results are often more than adequate for many requirements where high resolution, high accuracy surveys are not required or are unaffordable. The history of hydrographic surveying dates almost as far back as that of sailing.

In either case, the depths measured had to be read manually and recorded, as did the position of each measurement with regard to mapped reference points as determined by three-point sextant fixes. The process was labor-intensive and time-consuming and, although each individual depth measurement could be accurate, even a thorough survey as a practical matter could include only a limited number of sounding measurements relative to the area being surveyed, inevitably leaving gaps in coverage between single soundings.

Single-beam echosounders and fathometers began to enter service in the s which used sonar to measure the depth beneath a vessel.

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