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Methodology and application to compartment fres. Sep Purpose-This paper aims to present the assumptions and the issues that arise when developing an integrated modelling methodology between a computational? Then, to show the potential benefts of such a methodology, a multi-storey steel-concrete composite open car park was considered. Findings-Results show that the FDS-SAFIR coupling allows overcoming shortcomings of simplifed models by performing the thermal analysis in the structural elements based on a more advanced modelling of the fre development, whereas it appears that the Hasemi model is more conservative in terms of thermal action.
Jun Interflam This paper describes the model developed during the European LOCAFI1 project with the aim to assess the temperature of a vertical element subjected to a localised fire in a compartment. This model focuses on the calculation of heat fluxes with a special emphasis on the radiative heat flux which governs the temperature for sections of a vertical member. It is modelled through the concept of virtual solid flame and involves a surface integral. Even if it allows a precise estimation of heat fluxes and although it can easily be introduced in a simple and computationally fast program, it remains a complex method.
Thus, in a second step the previous model is simplified, leading to an analytical model. Finally, the model with its two refinement levels is validated against the experimental tests and numerical simulations performed in the project. SM and Grade 70 steel grades — Material properties assessed through full scale tests. Jun SiF A comparison between the reduction factors obtained from experimental tests and those defined in European and American standards [1,2] will allow confirming that reduction factors defined in these standards also apply to SM and Grade 70 steel grades.
Temperature assessment of a vertical steel member subjected to localised fire: Experimental tests. This paper describes the series of pool fire tests performed by the Universities of Liege and Ulster in order to assess the heat fluxes received by vertical members in case of localised fires. All these tests, performed in the scope of the RFCS project LOCAFI, have allowed gathering a large amount of experimental data for calibration and validation of subsequent numerical and analytical models.
The influence of several parameters was investigated, such as the type of fuel heptane, diesel, wood cribs , the dimension of the fire pool diameter from 0. Although the wind speed remained limited as these tests have been performed indoor, the inclination of the flames was nevertheless significant and, in many cases, the measurements of gas temperature close to the column showed a quite significant asymmetry. This paper summarizes the results of a two-year-long research project conducted by the CTBUH on the life cycle assessment LCA of tall building structural systems. The impact of the building structure during the operational phase i.
May RUGC Figure 1. Question - What are the main causes for construction budget overruns in the UAE construction market in the last years? Nov The largest problem is that many companies are really stretching the budget when they offer for the tender in order to be sure to be chosen and then, during construction, they increase the costs. Moreover, construction time with concrete based building are really too long and bring uncertainties on material, energy and manpower prices on the length of the construction sometimes several years for tall buildings. Question - How can we calculate cost of valueless materials which can be converted into a value next times?
If you are dealing with material linked to the construction market, there is the new European Standard EN which provide you the methodology to take into account the end of life and the recycling potential of each material. I made some publications on that, you can check. The design of metallic structures is governed by construction standards such as the Eurocodes, developed in the 80s with the aim of harmonizing design and calculation procedures in Europe. As far as industrial halls are concerned, there is a lack of detailed recommendations about the methods to use for the calculation of internal forces.
Several design methods exist, taking into account — or not — the existence of plastic hinges and the redistribution of internal forces. One of these methods, which is used by the majority of continental European structural engineers, is based on a global elastic analysis of the structure and is sometimes called " The French method ". It considers that both the structure and the cross sections behave elastically, with no plastic hinges, and thus no redistribution of internal forces.
The Eurocodes then allow the plastic cross-sectional resistance to be considered within the results of the elastic global analysis, on the condition that the section class is a class 1 or class 2 one could also talk about " Elastic-Plastic " design. This method thus considers that failure happens at the birth of the first hinge. If the section class is a class 3 or 4, one will talk about the 'Elastic-Elastic " design.
Another method, not usually used in continental Europe, is nevertheless particularly developed by the British Standards and some other Anglo-Saxon standards: It takes advantage of the possible redistribution of internal forces, considering the rotation due to the formation of plastic hinges one could also talk about " Plastic-Plastic " design. The " Plastic-Plastic " design does not consider that failure appears at the formation of the first hinge. Indeed, the approach consists in applying the load incrementally and assumes that the structural elements behave elastically until one of their cross sections reaches the maximum value of the plastic moment capacity.
This results in a redistribution of the moments, without necessarily reaching a collapse mechanism. The " Elastic-Plastic " design will usually lead to heavier and thus more expensive structures. However, when deflections govern design rather than ultimate resistance, there is less advantage in using " Plastic-Plastic " design, as far as it allows larger deflections. In this work, a comparative study was performed, considering a large range of industrial halls.
The study is based on the development of software which allows the determination of different collapse loads given by each method. The study was also performed using commercial software based on shell elements. Finally, a deformation criterion was introduced to evaluate the effective usefulness of the " Plastic-Plastic " design. This paper will thus compare both methods " Elastic-Plastic " and " Plastic-Plastic " and summarize the advantages and disadvantages they provide, for a large range of steel frames. Sep Eurosteel Numerical analysis of partially protected composite slabs.
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May Experimental and numerical investigation on web-post specimen from cellular beams with sinusoidal openings. The research considers the use of different structural systems and materials for the erection of and meter tall towers. The LCA impact due to the erection of the building's structural system is studied in its full detail and an accurate inventory of materials is being calculated for all construction and demolition phases. Experimental tests and numerical modeling of cellular beams with sinusoidal openings.
Mar New type of cellular beams with sinusoidal shape of openings shows a specific behavior in comparison with the standard circular openings. Full scale tests were realized on three beams representing various dimensions of the openings. The aim was to observe the failure modes of these beams and to obtain the ultimate values of strength. The specimens were heavily gauged to clearly identify the local failure modes of the opening zone.
Two specific failure modes were observed. For the opening with large height, the failure is reached by the formation of four plastic hinges at the corners of the critical section Vierendeel bending. This mode is similar to that of the rectangular opening. Whereas with the small opening, failure arises by the local instability of the compressed out stand panel in the sinusoidal parts of the opening. A numerical model is developed and calibrated on the basis of the experimental results. The numerical model is used to analyze with more details the behavior of the critical opening including the stress distribution in its different parts.
The experimental results provided useful qualitative and quantitative information to understand the behavior of the cellular beams with sinusoidal openings. The numerical model showed a good accuracy in the prediction of the experimental results. It can be used as a tool to generate complementary results to develop an analytical model. Numerical analysis of partially fire protected composite slabs. Jan The paper presents a numerical investigation, done with the computer program SAFIR, in order to obtain simpler finite element models for representing the behaviour of the partially protected composite steel concrete slabs in fire situations, considering the membrane action.
Appropriate understanding and modelling of the particular behaviour of composite slabs allows a safe approach, but also substantial savings on the thermal insulation that has to be applied on the underlying steel structure. The influence of some critical parameters on the behaviour and fire resistance of composite slabs such as the amount of reinforcing steel, the thickness of the slab and the edge conditions is also highlighted. The results of the numerical analyses are compared with the results of three full scale fire tests on composite slabs that have been performed in recent years.
Validation of an analytical model for curved and tapered cellular beams at normal and fire conditions. The growing use of cellular beams in steel construction leads to the development of various configurations such as curved and tapered cellular beams. In order to provide a tool predicting the behavior of those beams for design applications, the CTICM developed a software based on analytical formulas with adaptation to the curved and tapered cellular beams.
Recently, the analytical formulas were adapted to fire conditions. In this paper, a nonlinear numerical model is developed and performed to validate the analytical approach. The model is applied to curved and tapered beams considering various opening and support configurations in normal and fire conditions. The comparison between the numerical and the analytical results validates and shows the possibilities of the analytical model and its limits. Experimental assessment of the effect of the real flame emissivity for steel elements engulfed into fire. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign performed to assess the effect of the flame emissivity for steel members engulfed into fire.
In detail, two sizes of circular steel tubes were engulfed into pool fires of two different diameters. Two fuels were used and for both fuels tests without column used as comparison with existing localised fire models and with column were performed. The temperature of the column and of the flames were measured at different heights. The width of the flame was also measured and used to calculate the emissivity of the flame the value of which was employed in numerical simulations in order to predict the evolution of the temperature of the steel column. Comparison with numerical analyses where the recommended values of the Eurocode were used is also shown.
Structural Fire Design and Optimisation of a Building. At its heart will be a library, numerous auditoriums and seminar rooms and a cafeteria. A complete fire analysis has been performed to optimise the steel structures. Jun Structures in Fire SiF Jun 7 th International Conference on Structures. The new steel bridge " Hans-Wilsdorf " in Geneva is an exceptional steel structure that will drive general traffic through a main transportation axis. As the investment cost of the project is important, a structural fire analysis has been performed to study the sensitivity of the structure to a high temperature exposure, such as a truck in fire on the deck.
This analysis will allow deciding whether a severe fire could be an unacceptable economical risk for the bridge.
Present paper deals with the behavior of so-called cellular members against lateral torsional buckling. These beams comprising regularly-spaced web openings are especially used for their high resistance-weight ratio, the possibility to integrate service pipes within their height, and aesthetics. Such profiles usually exhibit a complex behavior, since they can experience many modes of failure, including local instability ones, i. Present research aims at improving this situation, by means of new adequate design formulae.
In this respect, both experimental and extensive numerical parametric studies have been undertaken. First, a series of 3 full-scale tests has been performed, the main goal of which being the validation of purposely-derived FE models. Since the numerical models showed a very good agreement with the tests, they have been further used to gather a large set of numerical reference results where many parameters were varied: Finally, a new set of dedicated design rules has been derived, that was proved to be accurate while leading to safe estimates of the resistance when compared to all reference results.
Large scale fire test of unprotected cellular beams acting in membrane action. This paper describes a full-scale fire test performed recently on a composite floor for analysing the possibility for tensile membrane action to develop when unprotected steel beams in the central part of the floor are made of cellular beams. Blind predictions of the air temperature development by the software 'Ozone' and of the structural behaviour by the software 'Safir', which proved quite satisfactory, are also described.
Full-scale fire test on a composite floor slab incorporating long span cellular steel beams. As part of an international major research initiative, dealing with the behaviour of long span cellular beams in steel framed buildings under fire, a large-scale fire test incorporating 15m long cellular beams was carried out.
The test incorporated unprotected secondary cellular steel beams acting compositely with the supporting floor slab.
The floorplate in its entirety was designed to carry the load with unprotected beams, when subjected to a severe fire, by utilising membrane action of the floor slab. The overall structure performed very well supporting the full applied static load for the duration of the test. The unprotected cellular steel beams were subjected to distortional buckling, with only the top tee providing any support through catanary action. The test supported the assumptions adopted in the structural design approach and provided an accurate estimate of the strength of the floorplate.
Comparison of the recorded time-temperature relationship of the fire with the design method presented in the Eurocodes shows that the code under-predicts the severity of the fire, although this was compensated to some extent by the conservative assumptions embedded within the structural model.
Simplified method for the temperature distribution in slim floor beams. Apr Parametrical Study on the behaviour of steel and composite cellular beams under fire conditions.. Jun Structures in fire. Jun Structures in Fire. Analytical model for cellular beams made of hot rolled sections in case of fire. This thesis has developed an analytical model for the prediction of the critical temperature of cellular beam made based rolled in fire situation. These results will be based on the development of a new analytical model of isostatic cellular beam subjected to fire.
To ensure the reliability of the developed model, the following steps were considered: The realization of large-scale tests in the laboratory, the development of a finite element model in the SAFIR software; Validation of finite element model in comparison tests laboratory, development of simplified analytical model, validation of the analytical method by a parametric study using the finite element model. The finite element model and the analytical model is able to reproduce with a satisfactory level of precision the complex behavior of cellular beams in case of fire. Sustainability of buildings made of steel.
Jan Meed Conference on Environment. This paper treats questions on sustainability concerning environmental issues that have implements on the use of steel in the construction sector. The impact of construction on sustainability issues is investigated. The overall objective of this paper is to outline the opportunities for steel in the construction industry with respect to environmental sustainability.
Some challenges are also noted.
With the development of the membrane action concept over UK market, Steel Alliance, with a sponsoring from both ArcelorMittal and CTICM, launched the project FRACOF of which the main objective is to extend above design method to other European national markets, especially under ISO fire condition with the purpose of getting the maximum benefit from this new design concept. In order to achieve this goal, various actions are scheduled, which include a full scale test under ISO fire condition.
The main purpose of this test is to confirm, on the one hand, the good fire performance of appropriately designed composite floor under ISO fire condition, especially for long duration fire, and to convince the different European authorities of the validity of such design concept. Parallel to this fire test, advanced numerical model is developed in order to extend the investigation domain.
Development of a new composite cellular beam. Aug This new shape would also have to enable a more efficient fabrication process for hot rolled profiles, due to single cutting in the web and reduced length of welding. A discussion on the new shape can be divided into four parts: Analytical model for the web post buckling in cellular beams under fire, pp. May Structures in Fire. Technical Report. Further on design aids in terms of — tables and graphs for the predesign of steel and composite cellular beams — software for the design of steel and composite beams with one or two web openings have been developed for the use in practice.
Electronic versions of all documents and deliverables are available via http: Structural member behaviour and analysis in case of fire. Development of a new type of composite cellular beam. Performance of cellular composite floor beams at elevated temperatures. This paper describes an experimental and numerical study at both ambient and elevated temperatures on the behaviour of full-scale composite floor cellular steel beams. A total of four specimens, comprising two different steel geometries and loading conditions were tested under monotonic loading and at elevated temperatures.
All beams were designed for a full shear connection between the steel beam and the concrete flange using headed shear studs. The beams were designed to fail by web-post buckling, which was observed in all the tests. Failure temperature observed in the fire tests indicated that failure by web-post buckling of cellular beams in fire cannot simply be estimated by applying temperature dependent reduction factors on stiffness, as given in codes.
A finite element model is then established with both material and geometrical non-linearity using shell elements to compare against the experimental results. The comparison between the finite element prediction and actual test results are quite good in terms of failure modes, load deflection behaviour and ultimate loads. Robust structure by joint ductility.
In view of recent disasters and their immense economical and human consequences such as the flood catastrophe in South East Asia or the constant threat by international terrorism more and more focus is given not only on the safety of structures - to reduce the risk for the life of people by collapse even under exceptional loading - but on minimising the disastrous results and to enable a quick rebuilding and reuse. One crucial mean to achieve this aim is the design of redundant robust structures.
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